New Vocabulary

on (on) - sobre, en, encima de
upon (apón) - sobre, en, encima de(formal)
in (in) - en, dentro de
at (at) - en
inside (insáid) - dentro de, en
outside (áutsáid) - afuera, fuera, fuera de
above (abáv) - encima de, sobre, arriba
below (bilóu) - debajo de
over (óuver) - encima de, sobre
under (ánder) - debajo de, bajo
beneath (biníiz) - bajo, debajo de
underneath (anderníiz) - bajo, debajo de
by (bái) - al lado de, junto a
near (níar) - cerca de
close to (clóus tchu) - cerca de
across (acrós)- a lo ancho de, a través de, al otro lado de
along (alóng) - a lo largo de
around (aráund) -alrededor de, cerca de, por
round (ráund) - alrededor de, en torno a, por
against (eguénst) - contra, en contra de
on top of (on tóp ov) - encima de, sobre, arriba de
at the bottom of (at de bótom ov) - en la base de, debajo de, en el fondo de
in front of (in frónt ov) - enfrente de
opposite (óposit) - enfrente de, frente a
behind (bijáind) - detrás, detrás de

Look at....

Ground Water

Ground water : water in the ground, stored between rock spaces.

Aquifer: an underground rock formation that yields significant quantities of water that may be pumped to the surface for use by people, livestock or irrigation. The main source of drinking water for most NM communities.

Well: a hole dug or drilled into the ground for the purpose of pumping up water from the groundwater. The pipe with a pump used to bring ground water to the surface.
water table – the name of the uppermost level of ground water.

Surface Water

Surface Water: water above the surface of the land, including lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, floodwater and runoff.

Flood: an overflow of water onto lands that are used or usable by humans and not normally covered by water.

Pollution: dirt or poison in the environment. Dumping waste, oil, pesticides and sediment into the water causes this.

Erosion: the process in which a material (e.g., river bank) is worn away by a stream of liquid (water) or air, often due to the presence of abrasive particles in the stream.

Watershed: the land area from which snowmelt and rain drain into a stream channel, lake, reservoir or other body of water. Also called a drainage basin.

Earth’s Water

Fresh Water: found in streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and swamps.
Earth’s surface: 71% covered in water.
Earth’s water: 97% is salt water, 3% is fresh water, only 0.0003% is readily available as drinking water.

Water Cycle

Evaporation: the conversion of water into a vapor, usually through the application of heat energy (the opposite condensation).

Precipitation: water falling, in a liquid or solid state, from the atmosphere to Earth (e.g., rain, snow).

Condensation: when water vapor becomes a liquid (the opposite of evaporation).

Infiltration/Percolation: downward movement of water through the soil profile or other porous media.

Transpiration: water absorbed by plants (usually through the roots) that is evaporated into the atmosphere from the plant leaves.

Properties of Water

Ice:

the solid that is formed when water freezes.

H2O: the chemical abbreviation for water.

Physical States of Water: gas, solid and liquid.

Hydrology: the scientific study of water on Earth’s surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and the atmosphere.

Water in our Bodies: approximate percentage of water in our bodies is 65% but can range from 50-70%.

Some of the Story

Early uses of water power date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, where irrigation has been used since the 6th millennium BC and water clocks had been used since the early 2nd millennium BC. Other early examples of water power include the Qanat system in ancient Persia and the Turpan water system in ancient China.

In ancient China, hydraulic engineering was highly developed, and engineers constructed massive canals with levees and dams to channel the flow of water for irrigation, as well as locks to allow ships to pass through. Sunshu Ao is considered the first Chinese hydraulic engineer. Another important Hydraulic Engineer in China, Ximen Bao was credited of starting the practice of large scale canal irrigation during the Warring States Period (481 BC-221 BC), even today hydraulic engineers remain a respectable position in China. Before becoming President, Hu Jintao was a hydraulic engineer and holds an engineering degree from Tsinghua University
Eupalinos of Megara, was an ancient Greek engineer who built the Tunnel of Eupalinos on Samo Island in the 6th century BC, an important feat of hydrolic engineering.

Hydraulic engineering had been highly developed under the Roman Empire where it was especially applied to the construction and maintenance of aqueducts. They used hydraulic mining methods to prospect and extract alluvial gold deposits in a technique known as hushing, and applied the methods to other ores such as those of tin and lead. The recent best-selling historical novel Pompeii has such a Roman hydraulic engineer ("aquarius" in Latin) as its main protagonist.
Further advances in hydraulic engineering occurred in the Muslim world between the 8th to 16th centuries, during what is known as the Islamic Golden Age. Of particular importance was the 'water management technological complex' which was central to the Islamic Gree Revolution and, by extension, a precondition for the emergence of modern technology.

The various components of this 'toolkit' were developed in different parts of the Afro-Eurasian landmass, both within and beyond the Islamic world. However, it was in the medieval Islamic lands where the technological complex was assembled and standardized, and subsequently diffused to the rest of the Old World.

Under the rule of a single Islamic Caliphate, different regional hydraulic technologies were assembled into "an identifiable water management technological complex that was to have a global impact." The various components of this complex included canals, dams, the qanat system from Persia, regional water-lifting devices such as the noria, shaduf and screwpump from Egypt, and the windmill from Islamic Afghanistan.

Other original Islamic development, included the saqiya with a flywheel effect from Islamic Spain, the reciprocating suction pump and crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism from Iraq, the geared and hydropowered water supply system from Syria, and the distilled water and water purification methods of Islamic chemists.

Modern hydraulic engineering involves the use of computational fluid dynamics to perform the calculations to accurately predict flow characteristics.

Taken From:

http://www.wikipedia.com/